Browse the most common questions and expert answers about Industry General Knowledge on the Tuya IoT Platform.
They will be automatically returned after a normal request to the open interface.
dBi is a unit for measuring antenna gain, indicating how much an antenna's gain is compared to an ideal point source antenna. Unlike simple signal amplification, a high dBi antenna can transmit and receive wireless signals more concentrically. Specifically, as the dBi value increases, the antenna's gain improves, and its vertical radiation angle becomes smaller, thereby relatively increasing the transmission distance of the signal. This can be understood through a simple analogy: consider wireless signals as light, and the antenna as a type of light fixture. In this analogy, a high-gain antenna is similar to a spotlight or flashlight, which has a smaller illumination area but can project light farther. Conversely, a low-gain antenna is like a ceiling light or globe bulb, which has a larger illumination area, providing extensive coverage but with a relatively shorter transmission distance. This difference makes high-gain antennas more suitable for long-distance transmission, while low-gain antennas are better for broad coverage. (Note: To help understand the basic concept of antenna gain, a simplified model was used. Please be aware that this is just an analogy meant to provide an intuitive understanding of antenna gain levels. Actual antenna design and usage involve more complex factors, and the illustration is solely for demonstrating the effect of different gain antennas, not implying that specific types of light fixtures require antennas of specific gain.).
AXY series modules support Wi-Fi 6.
According to the requirements of the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, after the App registration is completed, the App registration number needs to be displayed prominently in the App. Tuya supports hanging the registration number in templates above version 5.5.0, therefore, historical Apps on the shelves need to update the App to the new template, fill in the registration number, rebuild to generate a new installation package, and update it to the application market for review.
The scanning code distribution network is not affected by binding in strong binding, and the device does not support scanning code distribution network as long as it is connected to the Internet.
Tuya's docking with Xiao Du's industry version skills and home version skills are different and cannot be used interchangeably; in addition, Xiao Du's speakers themselves cannot be used interchangeably between the industry version and the home version.
Main applications: need to measure voltage, current and power occasions, such as single-phase multi-functional power meter, smart socket, digital display meter, street lights, small home appliances, etc..
The abbreviation of the serpentine inverted F antenna is: MIFA.
The communication protocol between the gateway& cloud is MQTT.
Narrow voltage means the input voltage can only be applied to the grid voltage requirements of a specific number of countries, e.g. Europe's grid voltage rating 230Vac, North America is 120Vac and Japan is 100Vac.
Verify the metering device and module firmware are calibrated.
The account and password of the new burning software is the same as the old burning software.
Depending on whether sending and receiving share the same clock, uart is asynchronous, spi and iic are synchronous.
Yes, theoretically.
The larger the parameter, the better. The empirical value suggests ≧10DB, and the return loss of 10DB is equivalent to the 90% of the transmission efficiency.
return Loss(DB)=10log(Pin/Preflect).
It means that part of the non-reflective power consumption is consumed as heat in the antenna.
The antenna and conductor are assembled in a small IC package.
It refers to the time required for the power supply output voltage to overshoot and regain stability when the load is jumped.
Smart household is to use integrated cabling, network communication, security protection, automatic control, and audio and video technologies to integrate home facilities and establish an efficient management system for home facilities and routine affairs to ensure a safe, convenient, comfortable, beautiful, eco-friendly, and energy-saving home environment.
Turning alternating current into pulsating direct current is called rectification. The simplest is half-wave rectification, using only a diode but the effect is not good. More commonly used is bridge rectification, using 4 diodes, or using a stack of rectifying bridges.
Conductor exposed in air.
The return loss of an antenna indicates how the antenna is matched to a transmission line with an impedance of 50Ω.
Varistors are voltage limiting protection devices. By taking advantage of the non-linear characteristics of varistors, when an overvoltage occurs between the two poles of a varistor, the varistor can clamp the voltage to a relatively fixed value, thereby protecting the back-end circuit.
An antenna with a length of λ/2 is called a dipole antenna.
Power supply noise is generated mainly by the transformer or chip capacitor, you can fly line out of the transformer and chip capacitors one by one on the power board, with A4 paper roll cylindrical listening to fly line out of the transformer or chip capacitor sound, lock the specific noise device and then processing. 1. transformer noise processing: (1) reduce the magnetic flux density of the core (2) use of small distortion, high flux density core material (3) improve the joint gap of the core (4) avoid direct or indirect contact with external magnetic core leakage (5) avoid core vibration and basic frequency resonance (dot glue) (6) transformers and inductors in the production process immersed in varnish to fix the coil and core (7) to see if the transformer is saturated, if so, the transformer needs to be redesigned. (8) to see if the transformer design frequency enters into audio, if the design frequency in the audio range, it needs to be redesigned, if it is the particularity of IC working mode which enters into intermittent mode, intermittent mode enters into audio, thus need to change the power supply IC (9) to see if the transformer loop has oscillation, if there is oscillation, need to adjust the loop parameter; 2. SMD capacitor noise treatment (SMD capacitor noise is generally caused by the piezoelectric effect): (1) Choose small capacity chip capacitor under the condition of meeting electrical performance parameter (2) Increase the thickness and area of PCB board as much as possible (3) Pay attention to the placement of capacitors (4) Replace temperature stable capacitors, such as X7R, NPO (COG) material chip capacitors; 3. Other methods of treatment (1) Gluing of the whole machine (2) Local gluing and fixing.
The construction of the diode is achieved through PN junction.
The function of the diode is unidirectional conduction.
Conductivity can be achieved when the diode anode voltage is higher than the cathode voltage.
The triode circuit is mainly used for current amplification or non-contact switch.
Both NPN and PNP structures.
A certain voltage is applied between BE, and the triode is turned on.
The triode is driven by a current type, and a resistor is added here to limit the current, to prevent excessive current in the output IO port.
The smaller the better, the empirical value is ≦-10DB, which is equivalent to the return loss of 10DB.
S11 is the inverse of the return loss.
Commonly used in switching power supply to suppress surge current at the moment of power on.
Prevent the signal from falsely triggering the turn-on of MOS when it is floating, and ensure that the GS potential is consistent when it is turned off.
5 GHz signals have a wide frequency band, less interference, a stable network speed, and support a high wireless speed.
L1 = 100 + 20lgD.
2.4 GHz signals have a better wall penetration effect than 5 GHz signals.
2.4 GHz signals have a low frequency, small attenuation over air or through obstacles, and a long transmission distance.
Channel 1-13 has a channel spacing of 5MHz.
The bandwidth of 1-13 channel is: 20MHz.
WAN, short for Wide Area Network, is defined as a telecommunications network that interconnects local area networks (LANs) or metropolitan area networks (MANs) in different areas. The Internet and military wide area network are common WANs. A WAN extends over a large geographic area from tens of kilometers to thousands. It can connect multiple regions, cities, countries, or continents to provide long-range communication, and form an international remote network. Take note that the Internet is not equivalent to WAN. Characteristics: 1. WAN IP addresses are unique. 2. A WAN covers tens of kilometers to thousands. 3. A WAN implements interconnection through routers.
6LoWPAN is an acronym for IPv6 over Low-Power Wireless Personal Area Networks. It can effectively transmit IPv6 data packets on IEEE 802.15.4 connections. Devices with limited resources can join the IoT. It supports three key functions: 1. Packet length adaptation: The minimum value of the Maximum Transmission Unit (MTU) specified by IPv6 is 1,280 bytes. In IEEE 802.15.4 packets based on the User Datagram Protocol (UDP) or Datagram Transport Layer Security (DTLS), the payload for typical applications is 63 bytes. 6LoWPAN provides the fragmentation and reassembly mechanisms to adapt IPv6 packets to smaller IEEE 802.15.4 payloads. IPv6 packets with inappropriate sizes will be fragmented and transmitted over the air through IEEE 802.15.4. Not all fragments will be received in the correct order. However, 6LoWPAN requires that all fragments be received and then reorders fragments during reassembly as needed. 2. Header compression: To minimize the overhead of sending IPv6 messages in 802.15.4 frames, 6LoWPAN uses the cross-layer redundancies (such as source and destination IP addresses, payload length, transmission type, and traffic label) between protocols to provide a transparent compression mechanism for IPv6 and transmission headers. Thread utilizes Improved Header Compression (IPHC) and Next Header Compression (NHC). IPHC is used for compressing IPv6 headers. NHC is used for compressing UDP headers. 3. Layer two forwarding: Thread forwards packets by using IP routing. The IP routing table maintains each destination and the next hop to it. The 6LoWPAN mesh header is used to implement the link level next hop forwarding based on the IP routing table.
An NFC-enabled device functions like a contactless reader. It can communicate with contactless tags or cards. Example: Read a smart poster or open a specific website on the Internet.
The fourth generation (4G) mobile communications technology, also known as the Long-Term Evolution (LTE) technology, is a high-speed wireless communication standard applied in mobile phones and data card terminals. This standard is built on the Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) or Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution (EDGE), and Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) or High Speed Packet Access (HSPA) network technologies, and uses the modulation technique to improve the network capacity and speed. The 4G standard is developed by the 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP). There are two modes of operation for the 4G LTE system: FDD and TDD. The two modes technically differ in the physical layer of the air interface. Time Division Duplex (TDD) achieves higher spectrum utilization than Frequency Division Duplex (FDD).
The security element within an NFC device, such as a built-in secure cryptoprocessor or an NFC-enabled SIM card, can process the commands received and forwarded by contactless readers to implement high-security transactions like in contactless smart card solutions.
Thread is a home IoT communications technology designed for home interconnection. It is an IP-based wireless mesh networking protocol. Thread features mesh networking, high cost-efficiency, low power consumption, high capacity, high security, and scalability, and natively supports IPv6. Thread allows more than 250 devices to connect to the network at the same time, covering all light bulbs, switches, sensors, and smart devices at home. The low power consumption feature enables devices to run for years. In addition, Thread is based on Zigbee, enabling Zigbee devices to support Thread after software updates. In general, like Apple HomeKit and Qualcomm AllJoyn, Thread is an architecture that runs at the top level.
The ISM bands are portions of the radio spectrum reserved internationally for industrial, scientific, and medical purposes, excluding applications in telecommunications. Radio frequency energy is used for devices serving in the industrial, scientific, medical, civil, and similar fields. ISM bands can be used without licenses or fees. Using ISM bands requires a specified transmitting power (typically less than 1 W) in a specific area and no interference to other frequency bands.
IPv6 is short for Internet Protocol Version 6. It is a next-generation IP protocol designed by the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) to replace IPv4. It is claimed that IPv6 can allocate an IP address to each sand in the world. IPv6 increases the length of IP addresses to 128 bits, allowing for an address space of approximately 240 undecillion (an undecillion is equal to 10 to the 36th power). A local device with an IPv6 global unicast address (GUA) can be directly addressed in a WAN.
In peer-to-peer (P2P) mode, two NFC-enabled devices are interconnected to exchange a small amount of data. Example: Huawei Share allows devices to pair quickly. In this case, only a pairing connection is established, and data is transmitted by using Huawei-patented WLAN technology.
In card emulation mode, the NFC-enabled device emulates a contactless smartcard, which can communicate with contactless readers. Example: Swipe a UnionPay card or bus card in a contactless manner for payments.
NFC is short for Near Field Communication, a contactless short-range wireless communication technology based on a radio frequency (RF) field. It uses the 13.56 MHz frequency to exchange data and connect electronic devices, thereby enabling a more relaxing and convenient lifestyle for consumers worldwide. NFC is compatible with hundreds of millions of contactless cards and readers.
Advantages of the Thread protocol: Low power consumption, support for mesh networking and IPv6, high security, and no single point of failure (SPOF).
A LAN is an enclosed computer group formed by two or more computers fixed in a geographical area and other network devices using network cables. The communication distance is about several kilometers.
Tuya Galaxy Link is a highly integrated solution for the IoT system industry. The solution provides powerful connectivity capability for smart products. It brings a better user experience in device pairing and control, home appliance automation, energy saving, and other aspects. Devices that integrate with the Tuya Galaxy Link capability feature strong connectivity, high cost-effectiveness, low power consumption, and dynamic role switching. Devices can be switched between the single device and gateway roles dynamically to ensure that one and only one gateway node is always available in the mesh network and other devices are Bluetooth child nodes. When the gateway node fails, other child nodes can quickly elect a new gateway node to take over the entire network. The purpose is to reduce the number of devices connected to the router and ensure the real-time stability of the mesh network.
In the TDD-LTE scheme, uplink data and downlink data are transmitted using the same frequency band but in different timeslots.
NFC has the following six application modes: 1. Read/Write mode 2. Point-to-point (P2P) transmission mode 3. Card emulation mode 4. HCE mode 5. Wireless charging mode 6. Security element-based card emulation mode.
The Tuya Sub-G mesh (TSM) solution applies to products with complex functions. It adopts a Tuya private protocol that utilizes high-performance chips and applies to kilometer-level low rate transmission. It has the following advantages: 1. Sending and receiving are integrated to ensure device control and mediation. 2. Low power consumption. The sleep power consumption is less than 2 μA. Button batteries can be used for power supply, and common sensor products can be used for several years. 3. Up to 1,000 m communication distance is supported.
Ultra wideband (UWB) is a wireless carrier communication technology. It does not use sine carrier waves but uses narrow pulses of nanosecond-level non-sine carrier waves to transmit data. Therefore, it occupies a wide spectrum range. It is a pulse radio technology standardized in IEEE 802.15.4a (pulse width of 2 ns). IEEE 802.15.4z (PHY and MAC layers) specifies security extensions to enable UWB to become a fine-ranging technology that is unique and secure.
The host card emulation (HCE) program in the host simulates a contactless card. In this configuration, the NFC controller forwards all received contactless commands to the host. Then, the HCE program can call an NFC API to communicate with contactless readers. For example, the traffic card function in the mobile phone wallet is implemented based on this mode.
The NFC wireless charging mode allows up to 1 W contactless power transmission and ensures power supply to small-sized IoT devices with limited power, such as Bluetooth earphones, fitness trackers, and smartwatches. Example: bidirectional wireless charged mobile phones and NFC wireless chargers of smart devices support this charging mode.
Active power: Electrical energy is applied for work and is converted into heat, light, mechanical, or chemical power. Reactive power: In a circuit featuring inductance or capacitance, the inductance or capacitance sends the energy stored in the magnetic field (electric field) to the power supply in a half-cycle period and exchanges energy with the power supply, without consuming energy. The amplitude of the rate of energy exchange with electrical energy is the reactive power. The residential electricity is charged based on the accumulated electrical energy in active power. Reactive power is used to investigate the fluctuation of power consumption in the power lines. Many electric appliances use apparent power as the nominal power, which includes active power and reactive power. In motor-related products, reactive power occupies a large part of apparent power.
There is no linear full-pressure solution in the industry because of the efficiency of linearity itself.
Communication protocol is a set of rules and conventions that two entities must follow to complete a communication or service. Different protocols are similar to different "languages" that are created to complete a conversation. Wi-Fi, Zigbee, and Bluetooth are the most common protocols in IoT.
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